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Vasectomy is a small operation to cut the vas deferens. This is the tube that takes sperm from the testes to the penis. Sperm are made in the testes. Once the vas deferens is cut, sperm can no longer get into the semen that is ejaculated ('comes') during sex.

Vasectomy is very reliable - but not quite 100%.


How is a vasectomy done?

Most men have no problems after a vasectomy. Problems are uncommon but include the following.

• As with any operation or cut to the skin, there is a small risk of a wound infection.
• The bruising around the operation site is sometimes quite marked, but will go in a week or so.
• Rarely, sperm may leak into the scrotum and form a swelling which may need treatment.
• A small number of men have a dull ache in the scrotum for a few months after the operation. This usually settles over time.
• If you have a general anaesthetic, as with any operation there is a small risk associated with the anaesthetic.

Some sperm survive in the 'upstream' part of the vas deferens for several weeks after vasectomy. These can get into the semen for a while after the operation. About eight weeks after the operation you will need to produce two semen tests about 3-6 weeks apart. These are looked at under the microscope to check for sperm. If these are clear of sperm you will be given the 'all clear'.

You still need to use other forms of contraception, such as condoms, until you get the 'all clear'.

It is permanent and you don't have to think of contraception again. It is easier to do, and more effective, than female sterilisation.

It may take a few months before the semen is free from sperm. As it is permanent, some people regret having a vasectomy, especially if their circumstances change.

No. The sex hormones made by the testes (for example testosterone) continue to be passed into the bloodstream as before. Also, vasectomy does not reduce the amount of semen when you ejaculate ('come') during sex. Sperm only contributes a tiny amount to semen. Semen is made in the seminal vesicles and prostate higher 'upstream'. Sex may even be more enjoyable as the worry or inconvenience of other forms of contraception are removed.

Sperm are still made as before in the testes. The sperm cannot get past the blocked vas deferens and are 'dissolved' into the body.

Don't consider having the operation unless you and your partner are sure you do not want children, or further children. It is wise not to make the decision at times of crisis or change, such as after a new baby or termination of pregnancy. It is best not to make the decision if there are any major problems in your relationship with your partner. It will not solve any sexual problems.

Doctors normally like to be sure that both partners are happy with the decision before doing a vasectomy. However, it is not a legal requirement to get your partner's permission.